A team of experts from Suzhou Medical University, who conducted a study in the United States, published in the journal BioMed Central Public Health on April 17, 2024, made a significant discovery for health.
Researchers have found a previously unknown link between two human habits and an increased mortality rate. The combined effects of being sedentary and not drinking coffee lead to high rates of premature mortality from cardiovascular disease and other conditions.
Sedentary behavior and lack of coffee consumption are associated with chronic disease, but their combined links to mortality are poorly understood. Prolonged sitting increases the risk of all-cause mortality and heart disease, especially in people who don’t meet recommended levels of physical activity, according to News Medical.
Coffee consumption varies by lifestyle and demographics, with age playing a major role. Its antioxidant qualities can reduce the morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases.
In the present study, researchers from Suzhou Medical University, China, investigated the effects of the combination of daily sedentariness and lack of coffee consumption on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in the United States.
The researchers examined data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2018, including 10,639 participants. They excluded individuals with missing data on exposure factors, outcome variables, and covariates, and those with inconsistent daily energy intake. They collected mortality data from interviews and physical examinations through December 31, 2019, and assessed self-reported daily data on sedentary time.
The primary study outcomes were cardiovascular disease and all-cause death, determined using ICD-10 numbers.
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The team used Cox proportional hazard regressions to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for sociodemographic variables, lifestyle factors, and medical history covariates. Sociodemographic variables included sex, ethnicity, race, education level, marital status, poverty income ratio, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference.
Lifestyle factors included smoking habits, alcohol consumption, Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015 values, and physical activity. Medical history included hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and medications.
Individuals who are sedentary for six hours or more per day were more likely to be white, non-Hispanic, and have at least a high school education. They also had a larger waist circumference, abdominal obesity and a higher BMI.
Coffee drinkers were more likely to be non-Hispanic, Caucasian, older. Only 52% of Americans drink coffee, and more than half report sitting in an armchair for at least six hours a day. Twenty-three percent of Americans said they sat for six hours or more a day and didn’t drink coffee.
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During 13 years of follow-up, 945 deaths occurred among the study participants, 284 of which were caused by CVD. Sedentary time of > 8.0 hours per day was associated with increased rates of all-cause (HR, 1.5) and CVD-related deaths (HR, 1.8) compared with sitting times of < 4.0 hours daily, according to multivariate analysis. Individuals in the upper zone for coffee consumption had reduced odds of all-cause death (HR, 0.7) and CVD-related death (HR, 0.5) compared with non-coffee drinkers.
Pooled analyzes showed that non-coffee drinkers who sat for at least six hours per day were 1.6 times more likely to die from any cause than coffee drinkers who sat for less than 6.0 hours per day. The findings indicate that the relationship between sitting time and increased risk of death was unique to non-drinking adults, not coffee drinkers.
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